Inference

Inference is the process of drawing a conclusion by applying clues (of logic, statistics etc.) to observations or hypotheses; or by interpolating the next logical step in an intuited pattern. The conclusion drawn is also called an inference. The laws of valid inference are studied in the field of logic.


Em lógica, inferência é a passagem, através de regras válidas, do antecedente ao conseqüente de um argumento

Antinomy

Antinomy (Greek αντι-, against, plus νομος, law) literally means the mutual incompatibility, real or apparent, of two laws. It is a term used in logic and epistemology.

The term acquired a special significance in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who used it to describe the equally rational but contradictory results of applying to the universe of pure thought the categories or criteria of reason proper to the universe of sensible perception or experience (phenomena). Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic

Heuristic (pronounced /hjʉˈrɪstɨk/, from the Greek "Εὑρίσκω" for "find" or "discover") is an adjective for experience-based techniques that help in problem solving, learning and discovery. Archimedes is said to have shouted "Heureka" after discovering the principle of displacement in his bath, which is later converted to Eureka. A heuristic method is used to rapidly come to a solution that is hoped to be close to the best possible answer, or 'optimal solution'. A heuristic is a "rule of thumb", an educated guess, an intuitive judgment or simply common sense. A heuristic is a general way of solving a problem. Heuristics as a noun is another name for heuristic methods.

Parsimony

is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available. The word derives from Middle English parcimony, from Latin parsimonia, from parsus, past participle of parcere: to spare. It is a general principle that has applications from science to philosophy and all related fields.

Ockhams Rasiermesser ist ein Sparsamkeitsprinzip aus der Wissenschaftstheorie. In seiner bekanntesten Formulierung von Johannes Clauberg lautet es: „Entitäten dürfen nicht über das Notwendige hinaus vermehrt werden.“ Steht man vor der Wahl mehrerer Erklärungen, die sich alle auf dasselbe Phänomen beziehen, soll man diejenige bevorzugen, die mit den einfachsten bzw. der geringsten Anzahl an Annahmen auskommt. Es enthält ebenso die Forderung, für jeden Untersuchungsgegenstand nur eine einzige Erklärung anzuerkennen.